Eugenol has the ability to improve the type 1 diabetes mellitus through NRF2-mediated oxidative stress pathway.

The metabolite 2-hydroxybutyrate is an important aspect of exhaustion which leads to increased capacity in the branched chain amino acid degradation pathway.

Indoxyl sulfate, a key uremic toxin in chronic kidney disease (CKD), induces trained immunity in monocytes via crosstalk between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent epigenetic reprogramming by enhancement of the arachidonic acid pathway and AhR-independent metabolic rewiring.

Conditional abolishment of a G protein subunit in a subset of ectopic tuft cells engenders severer injury, slower recovery, and increased fatality following the infection of the influenza viruses.

Hypobaric hypoxia exposure initiates splenic ferroptosis, reducing red pulp macrophages and exacerbating high-altitude polycythemia by impairing erythrophagocytosis and increasing red blood cell retention.