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Despite the virus' error prone polymerase, influenza virus antigenic evolution is rare, even in previously immune hosts, virus replication occurs before producing new antibodies.

A murine adoptive transfer model shows that binary IL-2 and graded CD25 expression tailor the T helper cell response to the antigen amount in vivo.

Pre-existing enhancers interpret T cell signaling strength in an analogue manner to direct quantitative changes in gene expression within the context of an overall digital response.

Differing time courses of immune responses to the BTN162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in maintenance hemodialysis subjects are comparable to healthy controls and identify transcriptomic and clinical predictors of anti-spike IgG titers in hemodialysis subjects.

The new whale shark genome assembly represents the best gapless chondrichthyan genome assembly yet, and comparative genomic analyses provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genome origins, immunity, and gigantism.

MHC class II-mediated self-antigen presentation by lymph node stromal cells controls regulatory T cell homeostasis, thus safeguarding immune tolerance.

Tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells exert systemic suppression of adaptive immunity by limiting L-selectin-directed trafficking of T cells at vascular checkpoints in lymph nodes.

Inflammatory monocytes carry live Mycobacteria from the lung to draining lymph nodes and acquire many characteristics of dendritic cells but fail to stimulate proliferation of CD4 T cells.

Immature CD10^neg neutrophils and CD14⁺HLA-DR^neg/low monocytes inducing proinflammatory and adaptive immune responses emerge in patients with large acute myocardial infarction.

Intranasal immunization of inactivated whole cell of some Gram-negative bacteria induces very rapid and efficient protection against bacterial pulmonary by training alveolar macrophage response, which can be harnessed to design rapid-effecting vaccine against multidrug-resistant bacteria infection.