Adjuvants, MPLA and CpG especially, modulate the peptide repertoires presented on the surface of APCs, preferring the presentation of low-affinity exogenous peptides rather than high-affinity peptides.

In mice, cyclic di-GMP is an effective mucosal pneumococcal vaccine adjuvant that stimulates the immune response via two distinct mechanisms.

Experiments in mice provide insights into the immunological mechanisms of action the vaccine adjuvant MF59.

By altering which peptide antigens are presented to CD4⁺ T cells, adjuvants affect the specificity of the immune response.

Strategies to enhance Tfh cells for HIV-vaccine antibody persistence and protection is pivotal for vaccine success.

The expression of DECTIN-2 family C-type lectin receptors on macrophages and monocytes is inhibited by the Th2 cytokine IL-4, which suggests a mechanism for inhibition of Th17 responses to MINCLE-dependent vaccination responses by underlying helminth infection.

CD301b dendritic cells potently suppress antibody responses by limiting the activity of follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells.

By comparing gene expression in people before and after they received the influenza vaccine, researchers were able to identify genes that contribute to differences in individual responses to vaccination.

Palmitoleic acid not only potentiates vancomycin killing of Gram-positive bacteria, but the insertion of palmitoleic acid into the membrane leads to the unexpected accumulation of membrane-bound cell wall precursors, representing a novel mechanism of action for unsaturated fatty acids.

Temporal availability of antigen presentation by dendritic cells influences the differentiation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which enhances germinal centre responses and induces protective immunity.