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The capacity to sustain effort to obtain rewards over time depends on the levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the nucleus accumbens - a brain region critical for motivated behavior - and can be boosted with a nutritional intervention (N-acetylcysteine).

Natural sugars are preferred over artificial sweeteners because of their nutritional content, which is sensed by MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

Parallel pathways of xylose metabolism identified in fungi that grow on plants can be used in yeast to promote hemicellulose conversion to biofuels.

Yeast cells can be engineered to study starch, the semi-crystalline storage carbohydrate from plants that is central to human nutrition.

VO_2max in endurance athletes can be accurately predicted by the submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing measurements but relying solely on somatic variables allows limited accuracy, which is especially important for physicians and fitness practitioners for proper health and training status monitoring.

Lactic acid bacteria engage a hybrid metabolism which blends features of fermentation and respiration when they perform extracellular electron transfer.

Coral symbiotic alga is capable of degrading the own cell wall components by cellulase-related enzymes and releasing sugars as a simple and autonomous environmental response, even when the host-derived signals are not present.

Midbrain dopamine neurons use sophisticated secretory machinery to establish specialized sites for action potential-evoked release of dopamine from their cell bodies and dendrites.

An implantable device based on organic electrochemical transistors is developed for quantitative mapping of neurotransmitter release across multiple brain regions, revealing a cross-talk between the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways.

A complex colour polymorphism which links colour with behavioural and life-history traits is associated with a single gene duplication in male wood tiger moths.