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A complex colour polymorphism which links colour with behavioural and life-history traits is associated with a single gene duplication in male wood tiger moths.

An implantable device based on organic electrochemical transistors is developed for quantitative mapping of neurotransmitter release across multiple brain regions, revealing a cross-talk between the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways.

Midbrain dopamine neurons use sophisticated secretory machinery to establish specialized sites for action potential-evoked release of dopamine from their cell bodies and dendrites.

Coral symbiotic alga is capable of degrading the own cell wall components by cellulase-related enzymes and releasing sugars as a simple and autonomous environmental response, even when the host-derived signals are not present.

Lactic acid bacteria engage a hybrid metabolism which blends features of fermentation and respiration when they perform extracellular electron transfer.

VO_2max in endurance athletes can be accurately predicted by the submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing measurements but relying solely on somatic variables allows limited accuracy, which is especially important for physicians and fitness practitioners for proper health and training status monitoring.

Yeast cells can be engineered to study starch, the semi-crystalline storage carbohydrate from plants that is central to human nutrition.

Parallel pathways of xylose metabolism identified in fungi that grow on plants can be used in yeast to promote hemicellulose conversion to biofuels.

Natural sugars are preferred over artificial sweeteners because of their nutritional content, which is sensed by MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

Two-photon calcium imaging revealed that many mesocortical dopamine axons show enhanced selectivity for aversive cue processing during classical conditioning.