A pattern recognition receptor called toll-like receptor 13 detects pathogens in a manner that is different to that seen in other pathogen sensors.

Histones bound to lipid droplets inside cells offer protection against bacteria in flies, and possibly mice, thus suggesting a possible new innate immunity pathway.

To avoid recognition by the immune system, bacteria use autolysins to trim fragments of peptidoglycans that are exposed on the bacterial cell wall.

A novel innate defense mechanism of cell lysis involves the coordinated oligomerization of a defensin by interaction with the membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The cyclic-peptide antibiotic GE23077 inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase through a novel target that exhibits low susceptibility to target-based resistance and that enables synthesis of bipartite inhibitors that are exceptionally potent and refractory to target-based resistance.

Arabidopsis lysozyme LYS1 generates soluble peptidoglycan fragments to mediate pattern-triggered immunity.

Thousands of small Open Reading Frames are translated, and form two distinct classes based on their translational efficiency and bioinformatic indicators.

Parallel horizontal gene transfer has spread a bacteriolytic gene family to all domains of life, and has bestowed a niche-transcending adaptation in recipients that must deploy antibacterial molecules to survive in a bacterial world.

Contrary to the current perception, insect eggs are very capable of defending themselves against pathogens.

The induction of ISG15 during bacterial infection can be independent of Type I Interferons and leads to an increase in the secretion of cytokines known to be critical for bacterial clearance.