Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy is implemented for detection of up to four molecular species, allowing users to quantify molecular interactions and stoichiometry of multicomponent complexes in live cells, in a wide range of biological processes, from membrane signaling to viral assembly.

APOBEC3G, an anti-viral protein with the capability to inhibit HiV-1 infectivity, binds single stranded DNA in multiple physical conformations, enabling complex interactions that allow APOBEC3G to perform multiple diverse functions.

Bacterial CRISPR immunity tracks phage mutations, creating immune diversity in bacterial populations that parallels phage genetic diversity and patterns of phage evolution that are determined by the type and degree of immune cross-reactivity in the CRISPR system.

Enterovirus A71 adaptation to bind heparan sulfate as receptor comes with compensation that destabilizes its virus capsid.

Phylogenetic relationships between viral RNA segments are distinct between subtypes and lineages of seasonal human influenza A viruses and implicate RNA-RNA relationships as novel drivers of influenza virus evolution.

Comprehensive mutational scanning of the SARS-CoV-2 protease, M^pro, provides functional and structural information to aid in the design of more effective inhibitors against the protease with reduced potential of evolving viral resistance.

High glucose levels promote CTSL maturation and translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome via the ER-Golgi-lysosome axis.

The inositol phosphate IP6 is selectively packaged into HIV virions, where it coordinates electropositive pores in the capsid to prevent spontaneous collapse and promote encapsidated DNA synthesis.

Inspired by notions of 'druggability' from medicinal chemistry, two new metrics, drug applicability and variant vulnerability, utilize evolutionary perspectives and methods to improve attempts to treat infectious diseases.

Nearly half of bladder cancers of solid organ transplant recipients harbor papillomaviruses or polyomaviruses, with many tumors showing evidence of clonal viral integration and viral oncogene effects on tumor gene expression patterns.