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Evolution-guided functional analyses identify an activating adaptor of the dynein intracellular transportation machinery, NINL, as a novel component of the antiviral immune response and reveal a mechanism by which viruses antagonize NINL function in a species-specific manner.

A cell-free system combined with cell-based assays elucidate the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction mediated by the mitochondrial protein MAVS and delineates the role of ubiquitin E3 ligases in antiviral innate immune responses.

The liver-specific miRNA microRNA-122 plays a previously unknown role in hepatocyte intrinsic innate immunity by targeting the RTKs/STAT3 signaling pathway.

5’ppp-RNA, a traditional ligand for RIG-I, can be recognized by MDA5 in species such as Miichthys miiuy and Gallus gallus that lack RIG-I.

Mitochondrial anti-viral signaling proteins form three-stranded helical filaments in launching innate immune responses against RNA viruses.

Hepatitis C virus evades IRF1-dependent intrinsic antiviral immunity by exploiting cyclophilin A and its regulation of PKR.

In a study of a herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine, the combination of sex and prior exposure to the virus resulted in HSV naive women mounting a prominent type I interferon response associated with reduced neutralizing titers to HSV.

Biochemical and structural analyses unravel how two RIG-I-like helicases function together to promote antiviral defense and illustrates the diverse ways innate immunity evolved.