NusG enhances transcription elongation by stabilizing DNA base pairs immediately upstream of the RNA-DNA hybrid but does not measurably affect the nucleotide incorporation and the forward translocation by RNA polymerase.

The novel cryo-electron microscopy structure of a bacterial protein-only RNase P illustrates how a small protein oligomerizes into a dodecameric assembly to catalyze the 5’-end maturation of tRNAs.