Genomic evidence suggests that L-gulonolactone oxidase-the terminal enzyme in vitamin C synthesis, which has been repeatedly lost throughout animal evolution-was lost in plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes following plastid acquisition.

Molecular signals from chloroplasts can synergistically interact with the plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), to regulate non-canonical signaling pathways mediating fundamental cellular processes including stomatal closure, seed dormancy and germination.

Mice that lack the autism- and schizophrenia-linked gene MEF2C in cortical neurons have an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and impaired social and cognitive abilities.

Rats exposed to a single stressful event experience days-long constitutive activation of the kappa opioid receptor at inhibitory synapses in part of the brain’s reward system, which increases their drug-seeking behavior.

Optogenetics and in vivo recordings in mice reveal that pauses in cholinergic interneurons offer an alternative mechanism to inhibit subthreshold and suprathreshold events of spiny projection neurons.

Live-cell nanometer-resolution RNA labeling method enables transcriptome-wide mapping of endogenous RNAs in nuclear, cytosol, ER, and mitochondrial subcompartments.

Loss and gain-of-function investigation uncovers a regulatory network controlling human heart chamber specification in which the cardiac precursor gene ISL1 accelerates ventricular induction and antagonizes retinoic acid-driven atrial commitment.

Models and experiments reveal that human L2/3 pyramidal neurons have distinctively low specific membrane capacitance which might have a significant impact on signal processing in human neocortex.

The relative recruitment of excitatory and inhibitory neurons by cortico-cortical interareal pathways depends on the hierarchy of areas and the laminar location of the neurons.