NusG enhances transcription elongation by stabilizing DNA base pairs immediately upstream of the RNA-DNA hybrid but does not measurably affect the nucleotide incorporation and the forward translocation by RNA polymerase.

Quantification of all the major on- and off-pathway kinetic parameters in the transcription elongation cycle reveals that RNA polymerase II translocates slowly in a linear, non-branched Brownian ratchet mechanism.

Bridged H-NS filaments inhibit transcript elongation by bacterial RNA polymerase by enhancing backtracking and increasing Rho-dependent termination at a subset of pause sites that are normally poor Rho substrates.

The physical interaction network encoded in the multi-domain protein native structure handles the trade-off between the fast, stable folding and the efficient, reliable function.

Several neuronal subtypes found in the early zebrafish olfactory placode are not derived from the neural crest, as previously thought, but from the preplacodal ectoderm.

Transcription factors can read out both the sequence and the structure of the non-template DNA strand in the transcription bubble, expanding the repertoire of mechanisms to control transcription.

Biochemical analyses of transcription complexes, including kinetic studies and probes of translocational and conformational states, establish the elemental mechanism of pausing, which underlies regulation of gene expression in all organisms.

Direct observation of RNA Polymerase II transcription through a single nucleosome at near basepair resolution suggests a mechanism for selective control of gene expression.

CMG helicase translocates with force while encircling duplex DNA, enabling two opposing CMG complexes at an origin to melt the duplex and switch to encircling separate single strands.