The cerebellum sends a functional input to the song-related basal ganglia via the thalamus in songbirds that can modify premotor activity, and it participates to song learning in juvenile birds.

Negative feedback signals within the substantia nigra regulate the output of the basal ganglia, with implications for disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

A model based on the architecture of basal ganglia and validated with behavior and neuroimaging distinguishes mechanisms of action cancellation from no-go decisions.

The spiking activity of the subthalamic nucleus, rather than the activity of striatal projection neurons, orchestrates basal ganglia downstream activity and output commands in health and Parkinson’s disease.

Gene manipulation combined with behavior analysis reveals a role of miR-9 in modulating basal-ganglia-dependent developmental vocal learning and adult vocal performance via regulating the FOXP1/FOXP2 gene network and dopamine signaling in songbirds.

Activity in cortico-basal ganglia circuits of juvenile songbirds reflects evaluative signals necessary for comparing self-generated behavior to a goal representation during skill learning.

The basal ganglia may preferentially influence movements based on internal goals rather than those guided by external stimuli.

A novel connection from ventral striatum to motor cortex enables emotion and motivation to influence action and motor control.

Neuronal activity in the striatum keeps track of elapsed time during the time production task while that in the cerebellum correlates with stochastic variation of self-timing in the range of several hundreds of milliseconds.

Neuroanatomical studies reveal presence and cholinergic phenotype of 150,000-200,000 extrahypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in human basal ganglia and basal forebrain, and RNA-sequencing detects gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1 expression in cholinergic interneurons but not in spiny projection neurons of the human putamen.