Tissue microarrays, a high-throughout approach to quantifying biomarkers used in hundreds of cancer studies every year, are susceptible to batch effects that can alter results but that are readily addressable.

During Escherichia coli systemic infection, the replication of a minuscule fraction of the inoculum drives organ-specific clearance failures, systemic dissemination, and stochastic infection outcomes.

The chitin-triggered immune response is mediated by a LYK5 and CERK1 receptor complex in Arabidopsis.

Structural and biochemical analysis of a protein called Ecp6, which is produced by a tomato fungus, reveals how the protein prevents plants from launching an immune response to the chitin in fungal cell walls.