Osteoclasts emerging in inflammation are heterogeneous and encompass a strongly inflammatory subset with a high resorbing activity and an immune suppressive subset that are able to control each other.
In vitro and in cellulo characterization of oligomerization by the cytoplasmic Wnt effector dishevelled and its partner Axin provide new mechanistic principles for Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
In fruit flies, maternally deposited RNA-binding proteins are removed during the maternal-to-zygotic transition via a mechanism of translational upregulation of Kondo, the key E2 enzyme, at egg activation.
DNA mimicry Ocr protein, a well-studied T7 phage protein that inhibits host restriction enzymes, can also inhibit host transcription through competing with sigma factors in binding to RNA polymerase.
Diffusivity, extracellular interactions of Nodal ligands with the receptors and inhibitors, and selective ligand destruction collectively shape the Nodal morphogen gradient.