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Botanists have long speculated about the adaptive value of visitor-triggered stamen movements, and here experiments that compare flowers with and without mobile stamens demonstrate large effects of stamen movements on pollen export, receipt, and nectar costs per pollen transport.

A new versatile, autonomous, robotic experimental platform (MAPLE) can increase the throughput of biological experiments by automating the growth and phenotyping of a variety of model organisms.

The structural and pharmacological difference of the invertebrate counterpart of β-adrenergic receptor confers selective toxicity of an insecticide on honeybees and their devastating parasite Varroa mites.

Floral scent and nectar are highly variable in natural populations and both traits can influence outcrossing rates differently for different pollinators and increase future herbivory.

Experiments show that pathogens spread more easily among relatives causing increased mortality, but such costs are cancelled out by the benefits of living with kin when pathogens are rare.

A fatty acyl reductase gene family expansion in the Hymenoptera crown group led to recruitment of novel pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes and is linked to evolution of pheromone marking behavior.

While antimicrobial cocktails are highly effective for defence against pathogenic microbes, the innate immune response may instead employ highly specific peptidic antibiotics to combat certain natural enemies.

Without octopamine signaling via β octopamine receptors, which likely stimulates glycolysis, thermogenesis performed by the honeybee's indirect flight muscles is not possible.