Despite the virus' error prone polymerase, influenza virus antigenic evolution is rare, even in previously immune hosts, virus replication occurs before producing new antibodies.

Dinucleases, specialized enzymes that catalyze the final step in RNA degradation, have evolved independently and repeatedly to fulfill essential roles in cell growth.

When the Ca²⁺-binding loops of the C2B domain insert into a membrane, interactions with a phospholipid and the SNARE complex allow synaptotagmin-1 to bend the membrane.

Chronic excitation of the Caenorhabditis elegans oxygen-sensing neurons alters calcium homeostasis to accelerate the decline of neural plasticity with age.

Bacterial location quantifications highlights how Drosophila melanogaster larvae discriminate bacteria to isolate and later eliminate pathogens in the anterior midgut through coordinated mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

A genetically encoded sensor and a photocaged peptide together enable precise investigation of human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation with high spatiotemporal resolution.

Molecular genetic, cell culture as well as electrophysiological analyses reveal a C1ql2/Neurexin3(25b+)-dependent molecular pathway through which Bcl11b controls critical functions of adult hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.

The learning rate for novel spatial environments in model networks of place cells is determined by the product of the window for plasticity and the auto-correlation of place-cell activity.

The ability of the T cell receptor to discriminate ligands is imperfect, allowing T cells to respond to ultra-low-affinity ligands.