The complex chromatin-based genomic regulatory system controlling developmental gene expression in complex bilaterians predates the evolution of morphological complexity and may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of the first simple multicellular animals.
Pupil-linked arousal dynamics are influenced more strongly by high-level internal belief states than by low-level sensory events during decision-making.
NSF is part of a membrane trafficking quality control system that disassembles both properly formed and off-pathway SNARE complexes, and the disassembly activity may be regulated by complexin.
Building on previous work (Diao et al., 2012), we show that the mechanism by which complexin suppresses spontaneous fusion is distinct from the mechanism by which it synchronizes Ca2+-triggered fusion.
Cooperative action of synaptotagmin and complexin is needed to arrest all SNARE complexes on a vesicle, and the reversal of the synaptotagmin clamp is sufficient to achieve fast, Ca2+-synchronized fusion.
Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments clarify apparently discrepant results described previously and show that N-terminal sequences of complexin bind to SNARE complexes containing C-terminally truncated synaptobrevin when they include the syntaxin-1 juxtamembrane region.
Complexin can have two conformations when bound to a ternary SNARE complex, one of which induces a conformational change of the SNARE complex at the C-terminus.
In models of chronic migraine, neuronal complexity is diminished in head-pain processing regions but restored through HDAC6 inhibition, which increases tubulin acetylation and cytoskeletal flexibility, and CGRP receptor blockade.
Challenging a widespread model, biophysical and electrophysiological experiments suggest a new mechanism whereby complexins inhibit neurotransmitter release through electrostatic repulsion between their accessory helix and the membranes.
