Contrary to the generally accepted model, condensin maintains proper gene expression by promoting the accurate segregation of chromosomes and the partitioning of the RNA-exosome throughout mitosis, instead of directly regulating transcription.
Condensin I maintains chromosome organization throughout metaphase by preventing erroneous topoisomerase II-dependent sister chromatid re-entanglements.
The Smc–ScpAB complex-a prokaryotic ancestor of cohesin, condensin and Smc5/6-loads onto the bacterial chromosome by employing ATP hydrolysis to capture DNA fibers within its tripartite ring.
C. elegans equalizes the expression of X-chromosome genes between the sexes by reducing the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to promoters of X-linked genes in hermaphrodites, using a chromosome-restructuring complex called condensin.
Linker histone H1.8 shapes mitotic chromosomes by tuning the number and size of condensin-dependent DNA loops and suppressing condensin and DNA topoisomerase II-dependent individualization.
A histone modification that alters the nucleosome structure occurs in mitosis and promotes chromosome packaging and the timely removal of condensin I and cohesion, to achieve chromosome segregation.
The condensin I subunit Cap-G is expressed in post-mitotic neurons and its removal, especially from less mature neurons, results in gene expression changes, reduced survival and behavioural defects in Drosophila.
Reconstitution of DNA loop extrusion in cellular contexts using Xenopus egg extracts shows that condensin extrudes DNA loops non-symmetrically in metaphase, whereas cohesin extrudes DNA loops symmetrically in interphase.
Seemingly contradictory findings of single-molecule and in vivo experiments on a major mechanism of chromosome organization are reconciled by computationally investigating mechanisms of loop extrusion that are consistent with both.
