A pattern recognition receptor called toll-like receptor 13 detects pathogens in a manner that is different to that seen in other pathogen sensors.

The first survey of the complete morphologies of nerve endings in the skin of mice has revealed enormous structural diversity.

Individual granule cells within the cerebellum-the region of the brain that coordinates movement and supports the learning of new motor skills-receive both sensory and motor input streams: an arrangement that may help the brain to use feedback to fine-tune movement.

Genetic studies in mice identify the transcription factor MafB as a potent regulator of specific features of the synapses underlying hearing.

The signaling molecule Frizzled3 plays a part in the development of the nervous system by controlling the ability of motor neurons to form connections with distant target muscles.

A protein called SIR-2.1 helps to protect worms from the effects of aging by regulating metabolic processes that would otherwise generate damaging reactive oxygen species.

The molecular mechanisms by which midbrain dopamine neurons acquire the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA for synaptic release are revealed.

The p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) is an essential regulator that governs the actin cytoskeleton-dependent signaling to ensure normal thymocyte development, maturation and egress.

Phosphorylation of tyrosine 1 in the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase (RNAP) II functions to stabilize this domain, and facilitates turnover of upstream antisense RNAs.

Genetic rescue experiments reveal that γ-secretase enzymes containing Aph1b subunits control signalling by type III neuregulin 1, with implications for schizophrenia.