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Two-photon calcium imaging revealed that many mesocortical dopamine axons show enhanced selectivity for aversive cue processing during classical conditioning.

Temporal associative learning enhances persistent firing in lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) layer III neurons, while aging decreases persistent firing, leading to cognitive impairments.

Locus coeruleus responses to salient environmental stimuli drive increases in hippocampal dopamine that are important for long-term memory formation during trace fear conditioning.

A whole brain analysis using human neuroimaging data shows neural correlates of individual differences in conditioned fear.

Myelin-associated inhibitors and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are not the primary mechanism stopping sensory axons regenerating into the spinal cord, although their removal can markedly enhance regeneration when combined with an intervention that elevates axon growth capacity sufficiently robustly.

Exclusion of participants in tasks with a learning element can introduce substantial bias and needs to be carefully considered and transparently reported and justified.

Five mouse models of autism show deficits in delay eyeblink conditioning, a form of split-second sensory learning that involves the cerebellum, a frequent site of disruption in autistic brains.

Female, but not male rats exhibit an active conditioned fear response, which challenges traditional approaches to measuring fear learning exclusively through freezing, and suggests that females use a more diverse set of threat strategies.

Cerebellar climbing fibers can generate learned reward-predictive instructional signals, suggesting a role for cerebellar learning in the reinforcement of reward-driven behaviors.

Measures of visuocortical activity during aversive generalization learning revealed sharpened representations of facial identity, reflecting inhibitory interactions between neuronal populations that represent facial features associated with threat versus safety.