Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals neural representations of decision confidence unfolding prior to explicit perceptual choices, in a region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex typically linked to reward processing and value-based decisions.

Neural coding of previous-trial confidence affects current decision policy.

Changes in physiological arousal – as revealed by pupil dilation and heart rate – shape our confidence in decisions about uncertain perceptual information.

Neural confidence signals can take the role of reward signals and explain perceptual learning without external feedback as a form of internal reinforcement learning.

Simultaneous voltage and calcium two-photon imaging of Purkinje neuron dendrites in awake mice reveals multiple interplaying mechanisms underlying sensory-evoked dendritic coincidence detection of parallel fiber and climbing fiber input.

A single framework of bounded evidence accumulation resolves the seemingly paradoxical effects of noise on accuracy, reaction time and confidence.

Initial confidence and choice in a decision, and their potential revision, arise from a common mechanism that challenges models that claim confidence and decision processes are dissociated.

Combining psychophysics and functional MRI reveals a qualitative asymmetry in neural engagement when reflecting on whether a stimulus is seen (detection) compared to reflecting on what a stimulus is (discrimination).

Confidence-dependent reinforcement learning is active and produces trial-to-trial choice updating even in well-learned perceptual decisions without explicit reward biases, across species and sensory modalities.

Building on previous work (Chatterjee et al., 2014), the mechanism of coincidence detection in bacterial second messenger signaling across membranes is revealed at a molecular level, providing insight into the regulation of a conserved transmembrane receptor.