Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals neural representations of decision confidence unfolding prior to explicit perceptual choices, in a region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex typically linked to reward processing and value-based decisions.

Neural coding of previous-trial confidence affects current decision policy.

Intra-individual variability in choice, response time, subjective effort, confidence, and choice-induced preference change and certainty gain is explained by a cost–benefit model of cognitive resource allocation.

Changes in physiological arousal – as revealed by pupil dilation and heart rate – shape our confidence in decisions about uncertain perceptual information.

Neural confidence signals can take the role of reward signals and explain perceptual learning without external feedback as a form of internal reinforcement learning.

Neural processes for perception and confidence can be separated thanks to computational electroencephalography, thus revealing a neural circuit specific to metacognition.

Computational modeling, and empirical behavioral and EEG results show that learning relies not only on comparing current events to past experience, but integrates response-based outcome predictions and confidence.

Simultaneous voltage and calcium two-photon imaging of Purkinje neuron dendrites in awake mice reveals multiple interplaying mechanisms underlying sensory-evoked dendritic coincidence detection of parallel fiber and climbing fiber input.

A single framework of bounded evidence accumulation resolves the seemingly paradoxical effects of noise on accuracy, reaction time and confidence.

Initial confidence and choice in a decision, and their potential revision, arise from a common mechanism that challenges models that claim confidence and decision processes are dissociated.