Autophagic cargo receptors recruit the E3-like enzyme for Atg8 lipid conjugation to the cargo and thereby promote local formation of Atg8-positive autophagosomal membranes.

A new multistep hierarchical cascade controls activation of an integrative and conjugative element in a small subpopulation of cells in its bacterial host, yielding proficient DNA transferring cells.

Group II introns can target mRNA, causing inhibition of gene expression, as a potential driver for evolution to the spliceosome.

Analyses using His6-HA-SUMO1 and SUMO1 KO mice indicate that SUMO1 modification of synaptic proteins is either absent or cannot be detected in brain and cultured neurons.

In fruit flies, maternally deposited RNA-binding proteins are removed during the maternal-to-zygotic transition via a mechanism of translational upregulation of Kondo, the key E2 enzyme, at egg activation.

Many bacteria use the Nus factor antitermination complex to prevent premature Rho-dependent transcription termination of their CRISPR arrays.

Three complementary computational approaches reveal a set of putative causes of initiation of pan-USA waves of influenza.

Legionella effector RavZ evades host autophagy by extracting LC3-PE from the membrane before deconjugation.

An ensemble of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme UBA6 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/ubiquitin-ligase BIRC6 mediates ubiquitination of LC3, targeting the latter for proteasomal degradation and thus attenuating autophagic degradation of cellular substrates.

Cereblon-based small-molecule degraders rely on the sequential action of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBE2G1 and UBE2D3 to assemble K48-linked polyubiquitin chains on cereblon neomorphic substrates, resulting in their proteasomal degradation.