Hamilton's rule can be violated when costs and benefits of cooperation are defined using the counterfactual method, and when they depend on the cooperation of others.

A new model describes evolutionary transitions in individuality in terms of tradeoff and tradeoff-breaking events as opposed to changes in the nature of fitness.

Routine and campaign vaccination disruption in 2020 may lead to measles outbreaks and yellow fever burden increases in some countries, but is unlikely to greatly increase meningococcal A burden.

Achieving gender parity among U.S. tenured and tenure-track faculty will require changes to hiring, which has substantially greater impacts on faculty gender representation than gendered differences in attrition rates.

Context factors such as experimental task and model parameterization can significantly impact modeling results, such that across tasks, the same participants show different fitted parameter values, and parameters capture different cognitive processes across tasks.

Humans perseverate on previously instructed goals in a novel multigoal reinforcement learning task, and do this to a greater extent for punishment avoidance goals.

Vaccination activities that occurred before the COVID-19 pandemic, 2000-2019, are estimated to avert 50 million deaths, highlighting the enormous benefits of continued and improving vaccination.

The gender gap in publication productivity has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, with potential implications for the careers of women working in research.

The overall mortality consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States are predominantly attributable to the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection but there are substantial indirect effects among children and young adults, and in mortality from accidents, homicides, and overdoses.

Contact tracing data reveal how a One Health approach underpinned by dog vaccination interrupts rabies transmission in reservoir populations removing the risk to humans, while virus genome data highlight the importance of surveillance and sustained dog vaccination in connected populations.