Physiological differentiation during symbiosis leads to division of labor between smaller and larger cells in an uncultured bacterial tubeworm symbiont population and results in remarkable metabolic diversity and complexity.
Balanced peptidoglycan synthesis requires regulators, including sigma-I and WalKR, that coordinate the diffusive action of class A PBPs and the directional motion of the MreB-directed elongasome.
Considering the course of a pathogen's evolution, there appears to be interplay between secretion systems, providing unique, synergistic mechanisms to support a successful lifestyle for possibly pathogenesis, symbiosis and/or parasitosis.
A membrane-associated, supramolecular protein complex with dynamically changing components, the central supramolecular activation cluster, regulates the generation of the T cell effector cytokine IL-2 depending on its composition.
The juxtacrine signaling molecule EphA7, when expressed on terminally-differentiated myocytes, non-cell-autonomously induces adjacent myoblasts to also commit to terminal differentiation leading to rapid coordinated differentiation across the entire population.