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To establish a trade-off between the speed and accuracy of a decision, neurons in lateral intraparietal cortex combine evidence bearing on the decision with a signal that incorporates the cost of time into the decision-making process.

Two protein kinases are required to activate auxin efflux transporters from plants.

Metabolic exaptation of an anaplerotic nitrogen cycle between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells may explain the remarkably frequent convergent evolution of C4 photosynthesis.

Resting state spinal fMRI will be useful in studies of normal spinal cord function and central nervous system disorders.

The SCHENGEN3 protein is needed for the progression of isolated microdomains into a continuous band, which is necessary for the establishment of the major extracellular diffusion barrier in plant roots: the Casparian strip.

A transport mechanism is uncovered in the major drug-efflux system in E. coli involving two remote alternating-access conformational cycles, which could provide the basis for the development of allosteric inhibitors against multidrug resistance.

Spontaneous osmoregulation in giant phospholipid vesicles, which is characterized by oscillations in vesicle size and membrane tension, couples to the compositional degrees of freedom at the membrane surface to produce oscillations in domain texture and induce isothermal phase change.

Real-time single-molecule visualization of transcription and splicing in living cells reveals that RNA synthesis and processing can occur through multiple pathways on the same gene.

An experimentally constrained model shows that Escherichia coli faces fitness trade-offs in chemotaxis behaviors, and that adaptation of phenotypic diversity through altered gene regulation permits populations to resolve these trade-offs.

Overexpression of the growth factor neurotrophin-3 helps to repair noise-induced damage in the mouse inner ear by promoting the regeneration of damaged synapses.