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Asymmetric activation of the dysgranular mid-insula during interoceptive processing contributes to disrupted bodily awareness in individuals with anxiety, depression, and eating disorders.

Direct and indirect pathway neurons in posterior dorsomedial striatum were found to play distinct roles, with the former necessary for encoding and the latter for updating goal-directed learning.

Genetic change among enzyme orthologous with similar phenotypic properties can cause substantial differences in evolutionary response to a new enzyme function in terms of their molecular and fitness outcomes.

Enzyme evolution is reversible on a structural and functional (phenotypic) level, but through a different mutational pathway that leads to genotypic incompatibility with the ancestor.

A general framework captures the evolutionary routes leading to the formation and progression of tumors.

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are necessary for mice to perform goal-directed navigation differ depending on previous experience in cognitively challenging tasks.

The human NimA-related kinases (Neks) recognize divergent substrate motifs, and include Nek10 as a dual-specificity serine/tyrosine kinase, and Nek6, Nek7 and Nek9 as amplifiers of the Plk1 phospho-motif.

Disruption of right frontopolar cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation causes selective deficits in exploratory behavior suggesting that different strategies of exploration are implemented by different neural circuits.

The neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 limits excitation and lateral inhibition between D1-MSNs, which are important for the execution of slow-switching flexible behaviors.

Zebra finches are capable of overt vocal planning, but to reach a distant vocal target beyond the range of recently produced pitch requires both practice and auditory feedback.