The evolution of division of labour with non-accelerating returns from specialisation can occur for several reasons, including but not limited to topologically constrained group structures, but there must always be a group efficiency benefit and a coordination mechanism is required.

Sufficient aspartate drives specialization within a microbial colony, when some cells use it to create a limited carbon-resource, while other cells consume this resource and use aspartate for nucleotide synthesis.

The emergence of subpopulations that perform distinct metabolic roles has been observed in populations of genetically identical bacteria.

Mathematical modeling shows that reproductive specialization is strongly favored in sparse networks of cellular interactions that reflect the morphology of early multicellular organisms, even when benefits of specialization are saturating.

A policing system in Bacillus velezensis coordinated extracellular matrix production and autotoxin synthesis/self-immunity to penalize cheater-like nonproducers in biofilm community, which enhances the population stability and ecological fitness under stress conditions and in the rhizosphere.

The likelihood to perform tool use during foraging is linked to personality traits in ants, suggesting an original interplay between consistent inter-individual variability and division of labor in social species.

Subpopulations of polysaccharide producer and surface explorer cells play specialized roles in early Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.

A mathematical model shows how the shape of early multicellular organisms may have helped cells evolve specialized roles.

Neuropeptide tachykinin signaling acts as master regulator of behavioral specialization in honeybees by differentially modulating worker responsiveness to task-specific stimuli.

Distinct PP2A-B56 complexes use isoform-selective interactions to localise to either the centromere or kinetochore and control different processes during mitosis.