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Invasively recorded cortical beta oscillations form whole-brain structural and functional networks that are modulated by dopamine.

Persistent activity of dopaminergic neurons in a mushroom recurrent circuit lays the foundation for courtship memory in Drosophila.

Modelling differential roles for identified dopaminergic and output neurons of the fruit fly mushroom bodies, combined with a novel dopaminergic plasticity rule, explains neural and behavioural phenomena in olfactory learning tasks.

A map of the entire array of cell types and potential projections in the mushroom body of the fruit fly brain provides insights into the circuitry that supports learning of stimulus-reward and stimulus–punishment associations.

Co-evolution of sexually dimorphic reinforcement systems for song can explain the coexistence of the seemingly contradictory traits of gregariousness and monogamy in social songbirds.

Heterozygous Nf1 knockout mice exhibit distinct dopaminergic phenotypes in vivo, as revealed by the genetically encoded dopamine sensor dLight1, patch clamp electrophysiology, optogenetics, and novel viral tools for morphological analysis.

A top-down circuit generating from the prelimbic cortex and projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus mediates individual differences in cue-elicited responding by affecting subcortical dopamine-dependent incentive learning.

The mouse cerebellum regulates innate defensive neural circuitry by tonically controlling dopamine release in the periaqueductal gray, thereby modulating synaptic responses of the Chx10-positive neurons that generate freezing behavior.

One memory center in the fly brain processes distinct appetitive and aversive associative memories of olfactory and visual cues using shared local circuits.

A circuit within the nucleus accumbens that exists during a specific developmental window through early adolescence male rats may serve as a substrate that underlies heightened reward seeking in this population.