The incus of the middle ear plays a role in supporting the lower jaw prior to the formation of the mammalian jaw joint allowing early feeding in monotremes and marsupials.

μCT-aided study illuminates the cranial endoskeleton and interrelationships of the Permian actinopterygian †Brachydegma, which is now excluded from crown neopterygians despite exhibiting a double jaw joint.

Zebrafish have lubricated joints similar to ours and are a tractable model for arthritis research.

Jaw joint regulatory sequence 1 (JRS1) is deeply conserved in most jawed vertebrates and displays a specific enhancer activity in the developing primary jaw joint that contributes to early nkx3.2 gene expression and jaw joint morphology.

Lineage tracing and genetic analysis in zebrafish show that the pseudobranch is a serial homolog of the gills arising from the jaw-forming mandibular arch, thus supporting the model that vertebrate jaws derived from an ancestral mandibular gill.

Stunning new scan data of an enigmatic fish from the Early Devonian of Australia, Ligulalepis, is identified as a stem osteichthyan, specifically, as the sister taxon to the 'psarolepids' plus crown osteichthyans.

Within populations, there is standing variation in paralog expression levels, paralog expression levels are heritable, and variation in paralog expression can modify the phenotypes associated with mutation of one of the paralogs.

In addition to a neural crest cell specific role, AP-2α and AP-2ß cooperatively promote craniofacial development through regulating chromatin and gene expression dynamics in the facial surface ectoderm.

Pairwise combinations of growth-promoting genes regulating distinct cellular mechanisms lead to synergistic effects on leaf growth, and hence greatly increased leaf size.

The ancestor of all known jawed vertebrates possessed a maxilla and premaxilla and was similar in morphology to the 'maxillate placoderms' from China.