Precisely targeted, low current brain microstimulation is sufficient to enhance human memory.

The subthalamic nucleus contains distinct subpopulations that can support multifaceted roles for making decisions based on uncertain evidence.

Evidence of an interaction between expected reward size and visual cortical microstimulation indicates that expected reward can affect sensory representations.

Delivering specific patterns of electrical activity to the median nerve of the arm triggers reliable sensations of texture, suggesting that it may ultimately be possible to restore complex tactile information to users of prosthetic limbs.

Electrical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex elicited purely naturalistic proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations, with proprioceptive sensations more prominent at higher current amplitudes suggesting a relationship between amplitude and sensation type.

A behavioral model, neuronal recordings, and electrical microstimulation reveal that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex plays a causal role in evaluating prior decisions and biasing future decisions.

Caudate neurons encode reward and sensory information and the effects of caudate microstimulation mimic the monkeys' voluntary reward bias strategy.

Perceptual decision making in monkeys can be manipulated by using optogenetics to inactivate functional subregions of visual cortex, but the brain has a capacity to compensate for this perturbation.

Increasing microstimulation frequency in some regions of the human somatosensory cortex decreased the perceived intensity and evoked specific percepts, providing insight into cortical organization and sensory feedback approaches for brain–computer interfaces.

Activating deeper layers of the cortex using cortical electrical stimulation triggers the activation of thalamic nuclei through trans-synaptic signaling, which can result in a range of complex responses that can be detected using EEG signals.