Electrode recordings and optogenetics reveal that the cerebellum can modulate its response to error signals from the brainstem during motor learning.

Dopamine signals in the ventral, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral striatum are modulated by various variables, such as stimulus-associated value, choice, confidence, but these modulations can be inclusively explained by TD errors.

Neurons in the macaque posterior parietal cortex behave like an error detector that computes the saccadic error by comparing the intended and the actual saccade end-position signals.

Error detection is contingent on the continuation of evidence accumulation after choice commitment, and the speed and accuracy of this process are modulated by high-level signals from medial frontal cortex.

Neural spiking responses in the visual cortex carry both an explicit representation of the presence of a face and a late-arriving, explicit encoding of errors in face estimation.

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a cortex-like structure called the arcopallium form part of a circuit that enables young songbirds to compare their own song with a template stored in memory, and use any discrepancies to improve their performance.

Dopamine neurons function as an ensemble to signal a multidimensional feature prediction error.

A proposal for a complete cellular/network implementation of trial-and-error motor learning in the olivo-cerebellar system.

Dopamine signaling in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis supports sign-tracking, reinforcer-specific satiety, and encodes reward prediction errors.