Dopamine signals in the ventral, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral striatum are modulated by various variables, such as stimulus-associated value, choice, confidence, but these modulations can be inclusively explained by TD errors.
Error detection is contingent on the continuation of evidence accumulation after choice commitment, and the speed and accuracy of this process are modulated by high-level signals from medial frontal cortex.
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a cortex-like structure called the arcopallium form part of a circuit that enables young songbirds to compare their own song with a template stored in memory, and use any discrepancies to improve their performance.
A genetically-defined population of spinal interneurons is reciprocally connected with spinal locomotor circuits and mediates recovery of locomotor function following spinal cord transection.
Activity in the midbrain responds to unexpected changes in outcome identity (i.e. sensory prediction error) but does not scale with perceptual distance between expected and receipt reward.
Neural spiking responses in the visual cortex carry both an explicit representation of the presence of a face and a late-arriving, explicit encoding of errors in face estimation.
During a sensorimotor perturbation, task outcome may serve as a gain on implicit adaptation or provide a distinct error signal for a second, independent implicit learning process.
Neurons in the macaque posterior parietal cortex behave like an error detector that computes the saccadic error by comparing the intended and the actual saccade end-position signals.
