Humans supplement complex, resource-demanding strategies with simple heuristics for solving the exploration-exploitation dilemma, and noradrenaline functioning controls their utilisation.

Animals work in a world full of surprises, where using energy to position sensors proportional to the location's expected information avoids the pitfalls of positioning them at the information maxima.

Ephemeral leadership between differently experienced birds regulates the balance between exploration and exploitation over successive homing flights in a manner that facilitates the accumulation of route innovations.