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Direct and indirect pathway neurons in posterior dorsomedial striatum were found to play distinct roles, with the former necessary for encoding and the latter for updating goal-directed learning.

HCN and SK channel currents in striatal cholinergic neurons are decreased with dopamine loss, but only HCN is restored by chronic L-DOPA and SK abnormality persists in dyskinesia.

For cerebellar unipolar brush cells that regulate information flow to the vestibulo-cerebellum, dopaminergic modulation by locus coeruleus axons presents a new example of monoaminergic co-release poised to regulate the activity of the cerebellar cortex.

Gamma rhythms and representation of visual information in the primary visual cortex are specifically modulated by somatostatin⁺ but not parvalbumin⁺ neurons in reticular thalamic nucleus.

The cerebellum can learn a sequence of responses by using a feedback signal from the previous movement to learn the next one.

Mother brain shows special sensitivity to social moments of mother-infant synchrony, compared to other caregiving experiences, through enhanced activation across the caregiving network, response to oxytocin administration, and temporal consistency.

Direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia have opposing effects not only on action performance but also on internal timing of expected reward delivery.