Reconstruction of great auk population dynamics suggests that hunting pressure alone could have been responsible for their extinction, demonstrating that even abundant, widespread species can be vulnerable to intense exploitation.
Dopamine neurons in medial versus lateral VTA encode different signals during fear extinction, yet inhibition of both populations influences fear extinction, at different times.
The inhibition mechanism of fear extinction operates primarily in the early phase of extinction training, and the erasure mechanism takes over after that.
Prefrontal dopamine regulates inhibition of fear extinction circuits in the infralimbic cortex and disinhibition of fear expression circuits in the amygdala, leading to fear reinstatement.
A new open-source computational toolbox for processing in vivo microendoscopic calcium imaging data performs signal demixing and denoising much more accurately than previously available methods, significantly improving the utility of this imaging modality.
When the fear-enhancing effects of prior exposure to stress are absent, the expression of fear reflects normal neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, not stress-induced hyperactivity in the amygdala.
A model of pathogen co-evolving with host population continuously acquiring immunity is used to identify evolutionary parameters allowing pathogen population to persist without going extinct or splitting into independent lineages.
Through visualization of directly-labeled RhoGTPase both in vitro and in vivo, RhoGDI is found to spatiotemporally regulate RhoGTPase activity through the extraction of active RhoGTPase.
