The length-dependent growth rate of bacterial flagellar filament is determined by the flagellin loading speed, loading strength and its diffusion process.

Single cell, fluorescent microscopy and mathematical modeling reveal how bacterial flagella dynamically assemble outside the cell.

Glycosylation of flagellins with pseudaminic acid in the bacterial cytoplasm governed by an unknown type of modular glycosyltransferase harboring an N-terminal substrate binding domain and a C-terminal glycosyltransferase domain.

Both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria can use their sheathed flagella during host colonization as a novel toxin-/signal-delivery mechanism.

External hydrodynamic forcing on each flagellum of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals a leader-follower relation between the two flagella in the synchronous beating.

The corkscrew-like motility of Spirochete bacteria is enabled by a unique, asymmetrically constructed flagellum that wraps around the cell body within the periplasm.

σ²⁸-Dependent sRNAs fine-tune flagella synthesis, with one sRNA connecting synthesis with metabolism and two sRNAs with opposing effects connecting synthesis with ribosomal protein production through unique binding within coding sequences.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella follow a common trend in swimming cost-effectiveness, but eukaryotic flagella are too large for cells with prokaryote volumes, yielding insight into flagellar dissimilarity between taxa.

Coordinated actions of two opposite flagella control speed and change direction of plant pathogen Phytophthora zoospores, in which the anterior flagellum is the main motor to generate thrust and spontaneously switch from reciprocal beating to breaststrokes to reorient its body.

Calculations of flagellar energetics from beating patterns in sperm reveal that internal dissipation by dynein motors and other passive structures within the flagellum significantly exceeds external hydrodynamic dissipation.