Floral scent and nectar are highly variable in natural populations and both traits can influence outcrossing rates differently for different pollinators and increase future herbivory.

Building on previous work (Kessler et al., 2015), it is shown that long-tongued hawkmoths assess individual flowers by smelling floral odors with olfactory neurons on their proboscises, and that this close-range perception is crucial for successful pollination and foraging.

Inbreeding compromises floral traits and reduces pollinator visitation rates disproportionally in female relative to male individuals in a dioecious plant and may thus interfere with the equilibrium of a complex co-evolutionary plant-insect relationship.

The sense of smell of female hawkmoths has evolved to find the intense odor of floral nectar sources as well as inconspicuous scents of oviposition sites within a complex olfactory landscape.

Flowers of different plant species show distinct and highly diverse patterns of temperature across their surfaces, and bumblebees are able to differentiate between these previously unnoticed but widespread floral cues.

Botanists have long speculated about the adaptive value of visitor-triggered stamen movements, and here experiments that compare flowers with and without mobile stamens demonstrate large effects of stamen movements on pollen export, receipt, and nectar costs per pollen transport.

The circadian clock acts with light response pathways to tightly synchronize daily rhythms in maturation of hundreds of florets in sunflower, promoting timely visits by pollinators and creating ring-like patterns on developing heads.

Bumblebees use invisible temperature patterns on flowers to make foraging decisions.

A comparison between artificially created allopolyploids and natural ones reveals that the latter underwent significant evolutionary steps after their formation.