A EASAC working group on gain-of-function research has emphasised the importance of ensuring that the necessary safeguards and policies are in place.

Chronic pain distorts intensity coding in the anterior cingulate cortex to give rise to generalized anatomically nonspecific enhancement in pain aversion.

Greater connectivity of the descending pain modulatory system network in the infant brain is associated with lower pain-related brain activity.

The pain mediator bradykinin was found to sensitize spinal motoneurons by a direct postsynaptic action, questioning the role of motoneurons in the assessment of hyperalgesia since the withdrawal motor reflex is commonly used as a surrogate pain model.

Pain processing in certain brain regions implements predictive coding principles, offering a novel perspective on the neural basis of pain perception.

Synaptic zinc is a novel modulator of cortical sound processing - a modulator that increases the gain of principal neurons, but reduces the gain of interneurons.

High-frequency stimulation of the upper thoracic spinal cord corrects anticipatory postural adjustments and improving gait efficiency and inhibiting freezing of gait episodes in advanced Parkinson's disease.

The flexible network architecture of the brain is sensitive to the modulation of neural gain, which may be mediated by ascending arousal nuclei, such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus.

Understanding others' pain is grounded in cognitive rather than sensory faculties.

The newborn infant experience of pain closely resembles that observed in adults, suggesting that infants have the sensory and emotional capacity to experience pain.