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A mathematical model describes the function of dopaminergic neurons in both learning and action planning.

Silencing noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the ventral and lateral regions of the orbitofrontal cortex prevents the updating of previously established goal-directed actions.

Representation of goals in the forms previously reported in the PFC is not required for performance of a novel spatial working memory task where goal information must be used flexibly.

The basal ganglia may preferentially influence movements based on internal goals rather than those guided by external stimuli.

The novel Reach Cage allows neurophysiology studies of structured behavior with unrestrained Rhesus macaques showing that the frontoparietal reach network is selective for reach goals outside the immediately reachable space.

Blocking D2 dopamine receptors increases goal-directed (“model-based”) control when alternative habitual ("model-free") actions are available, whereas blocking opioid receptors does not seem to have an effect on the arbitration between the two modes of acting.

Inhibiting ventral tegmental dopamine neurons, or their inputs to nucleus accumbens, disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking in a manner that depends on the microstructure of behavior.

Motivated animals learn to put in more effort and ignore distractions to reach their goals due to increased neural activity in the frontal cortex.

Neural pathways from mammalian visual cortex to ancestral brain structures control learning speed and performance of a simple detection task.

Disruption of the disease-associated synaptic adhesion molecule Neurexin1a in cortical excitatory neurons perturbs decision making and disrupts value-associated neural activity in downstream striatal circuits.