Basal ganglia output from the entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenula is not required for performance in a probabilistic switching task that requires flexible action/outcome decision making.

Acute stress and anxiety can suppress pain, here we reveal a multi-nodal circuit in the brain that connects the two.

Associative and non-associative learning mechanisms summate to produce robust and complex conditioned behavior profiles, opening new avenues to in-depth investigations of defensive responses and threat evaluation.

Co-release of the functionally opposing fast neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, from distinct synaptic vesicles within the same supramammillary synaptic terminal modulates dentate granule cell firing in a frequency-dependent manner.