Neurons that provide information about the direction of the head are present in nucleus reuniens and can potentially directly influence spatial processing in the hippocampus.

Head-direction cells in the parahippocampal region can be divided into two functionally distinct classes that are differentially constrained by attractor network dynamics.

Dual site recordings of mouse anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and retrosplenial cortex reveal near 0-ms lag between the head direction representations of the two regions after cue rotations and correlated drift in darkness.

Presubicular head-direction circuits are cell-type specific, with long-range projections reaching the 'grid-cell area' medial entorhinal cortex.

Three theoretical principles explain the neural activity observed in the head direction circuit of insects, the connectivity pattern underlying the circuit, and how the ubiquitous eight-column circuit structure emerged from evolutionary processes.

Parallel input streams to layer 1 identify a computationally distinct principal neuronal subtype ideally positioned to support spatial orientation computations in the granular retrosplenial cortex.

Two evolutionary distant insect species share a common head direction circuit with subtle differences in neuronal morphologies that result in distinct circuit dynamics adapted to each species’ ecology.

A mouse virtual reality system is presented which allows normal spatial behavior and place, grid and head-direction cell firing patterns in 2-D arenas, and is compatible with electrophysiology and multi-photon imaging.

A theoretical model combines self-supervised predictive learning with structural inductive biases to reveal how quasi-continuous attractors that perform accurate angular path integration can be learned from experience during development in the Drosophila and potentially other animal models.

A large variety of spatial representations implied in rodent navigation could arise robustly and rapidly from inputs with a weak spatial structure, by an interaction of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity.