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An analysis of influenza viruses from naturally infected people suggests a tight transmission bottleneck and little positive selection within hosts.

A stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial shows that early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation does not negatively affect the economic welfare of HIV patients in a low-income country.

Heterogeneity in exposure to malaria vectors, including sporozoite-infected mosquitoes, contributes to the variation in human infection risk and amplifies the local transmission potential.

Scale-up of safe water supplies decreases a child's risk of urogenital schistosomiasis infection by eight-fold in a typical rural African population.

Research on humans and dogs reveals that the communities of microorganisms found on the skin, on the tongue and in the intestine are affected differently by age and cohabitation.

Analyses of detailed clinical and entomological data from cohort studies reveal how anti-parasite and anti-disease immunity against P. falciparum develop as a function of age and transmission intensity.

Offering measles vaccination to parents who bring their children to receive any dose of measles vaccine can accelerate measles elimination in Italy.

Onsite sanitation maybe insufficient to interrupt transmission of enteric infections in high-burden urban settings, though risk of some infections may be reduced among children protected from birth.

Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers included caring for Covid-19 patients, Black or Asian ethnicity, and Covid-19-positive household contacts, whereas a bundle of PPE-related measures protected ICU staff.