Unique heterochrony in the cranial segments in bichirs triggers the early formation of their external gills, and might be informative about developmental mechanisms facilitating increased breathing capacity.

μCT-aided study illuminates the cranial endoskeleton and interrelationships of the Permian actinopterygian †Brachydegma, which is now excluded from crown neopterygians despite exhibiting a double jaw joint.

Spatially distinct ectodermal Wnt and endodermal Shh signals serve to polarize the skate gill skeleton.

Robust wrinkling pattern of the frilled dragon’s spectacular erectile ruff emerges from an elastic instability during homogeneous growth of the embryonic neck fold frustrated by its attachment to adjacent tissues.

Lineage tracing and genetic analysis in zebrafish show that the pseudobranch is a serial homolog of the gills arising from the jaw-forming mandibular arch, thus supporting the model that vertebrate jaws derived from an ancestral mandibular gill.

Development from dual-origin mesenchyme with common competence explains anatomical parallels and shared patterning of the jawed vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons.

Both gill musculature and the evolutionarily conserved cucullaris muscle are derived from unsegmented mesoderm adjacent to the first 3 somites, extending the posterior limit of cranial mesoderm.

Foxc1 proteins prepare the genomes of neural crest-derived cells to facilitate their later development into the cartilages that support the embryonic face.

The integration of biplanar X-ray videos with 3D X-ray particle tracking revealed that fish use a combination of intraoral 'central jet' waterflow pattern and inertia to guide food toward the digestive tract during suction feeding.

Jaw joint regulatory sequence 1 (JRS1) is deeply conserved in most jawed vertebrates and displays a specific enhancer activity in the developing primary jaw joint that contributes to early nkx3.2 gene expression and jaw joint morphology.