Experimental data and computational simulations reveal a new functional model, that is 'Triple-control' for the basal ganglia pathways in action selection.
By spending more time around infants which physically resemble their own, mandrill mothers may increase how frequently their offspring interact with their paternal half siblings.
Contrary to intuition that the evolutionary fate of mutation rate modifying alleles is frequency-dependent, neither the strength nor the sign of selection on modifiers depends on initial frequency.
Artificial selection for increased tibia length in mice made their skulls longer, narrower, and flatter, suggesting that even distant skeletal regions can evolve as correlated responses to selection acting locally.
Direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia have opposing effects not only on action performance but also on internal timing of expected reward delivery.
Chromosomal instability of cancer can be quantitatively measured by phylogenetic analysis of 200 tumor cells while using evolutionary principles to account for cellular selection.
The extra dimensions in protein sequence space open up indirect paths of adaptation and alleviate the constraint on the selective accessibility to high fitness genotypes.
In rodents and primates, there are two subtypes of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons that provide novel substrates for selective inhibition in the striatum.
