The subcortical amygdala pathway, which has been traditionally associated with learning threats, is also required for processing an innate threat.

Implicit defensive reactions to a learned threat-predictive cue and novel stimuli may be significantly downregulated through a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation procedure over the medial anterior prefrontal cortex in humans.

Functionally refined organization of learned and innate threat encoding in the cholinergic basal forebrain.

Oxytocin in the amygdala suppresses freezing of mothers when exposed to a threat in the presence of their offspring, allowing for pup protection and transmission of information about danger from mothers to pups.

Direct- and indirect pathway neurons of the posterior striatum display divergent in vivo and ex vivo plasticity after fear learning, and differentially modulate defensive behaviors displayed in the presence, and absence of threat-predicting sensory cues.

The anterior cingulate cortex provides predictive relationships between the context and the predator threat and influences the acquisition and expression of fear memory to predatory threat.

Reproductive behavior is conferred from experienced to naïve Drosophila as a behavioral social strategy allowing naïve groups to anticipate a threat from a predator.

Parabrachial neurons expressing CGRP relay affective components of ascending pain information via distinct thalamic and amygdalar pathways, which together contribute to complementary aspects of adaptive threat responses.

While the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex learn about threats through verbal warnings, the amygdala learns only from direct experience, suggesting that the amygdala forms part of a specialized threat detection system.

A neural circuit between the prefrontal cortex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is shown to limit fear to cues that only partially associate with threat.