Cuttlefish embryos reveal that cephalopod mollusks evolved specialized arms and tentacles by activating the same genetic circuits that control development of limbs in arthropods and vertebrates.

A shift in antero-posterior positional information may contribute to the fin-to-limb transformation.

The same genes and signaling pathways control the formation of limbs in vertebrates, arthropods and cuttlefish.

Elucidation of the molecular basis of early wound epidermis dependence during salamander limb regeneration reveals midkine as a key modulator of wound epidermis development and wound-healing resolution.

General principles of the limb segment control for terrestrial locomotion have emerged in evolution and highlight the existence of the laws of biological motion that apply to various animal species.

By thinking about experimental techniques in terms of six broad approaches – perturbation, visualization, substitution, characterization, reconstitution, and simulation – researchers may be able to generate more reliable inferences.

Understanding the structure of an antigen can guide the design of improved antigen-based vaccines.