A combination of physiological and perceptual experiments show that the responses of rod photoreceptors inhibit those of cones more than vice versa, and reveal both the site of the retinal interaction and the underlying mechanism.

Endocannabinoid activation of the CB1 receptor on retinal ganglion cells in the eye results in enhanced excitability and responsiveness to visual stimulation through a novel mechanism involving intracellular chloride regulation.

A single class of neurons switches both its sensory detection and neurotransmission mechanisms to support transient or sustained physiological output.

Mice can detect changes in hue independent of luminance, with differing sensitivity to hue and luminance in different parts of visual space.

Signals from primate rod photoreceptors do not exhibit the light-level-dependent routing through parallel retinal circuits observed in rodents and often invoked in interpreting psychophysical experiments.

Parallel losses of short-wave light sensitivity in diverse bats occurred through independent changes at multiple steps in the conversion of genotype into functional phenotype, including pre-, during, and post-transcription.

Heterogeneity in perceptual sensitivity of human cone-mediated vision across wavelength originates in the cone photoreceptors, where S cones exhibit distinct functional properties in comparison to L and M cones.

Inhibitory interneuron activity is dynamically modulated in new environments while individual interneurons show consistent levels of activity modulation across multiple environments, suggesting functional specialization of inhibitory subnetworks.

Mouse retina manifests homeostatic plasticity and adapts to photoreceptor degeneration to resist visual decline.

Mapping neuronal circuits is made substantially faster, simpler and more accurate with this extended toolkit of novel cell lines and vectors.