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    1. Immunology and Inflammation

    p16 deficiency attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by adjusting oxidative stress and nucleus pulposus cell cycle

    Hui Che et al.
    A novel IVDD mechanism that involves p16 is demonstrated and theoretical evidence is provided for effective methods to downregulate p16 and so reverse IVDD.
    1. Neuroscience

    Ventromedial prefrontal cortex stimulation enhances memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in the middle-aged rats

    Albert Liu et al.
    High-frequency stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which enhances memory and hippocampal neurogenesis, is a novel target for treatment of dementia-related diseases.
    1. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    A switch in surface polymer biogenesis triggers growth-phase-dependent and antibiotic-induced bacteriolysis

    Josué Flores-Kim et al.
    Penicillin induces bacterial cell lysis by altering cell surface polymer biogenesis to cause the misactivation of a cell wall degrading enzyme.
    1. Developmental Biology
    2. Immunology and Inflammation

    Estrogen exacerbates mammary involution through neutrophil-dependent and -independent mechanism

    Chew Leng Lim et al.
    Estrogen aggravates mammary involution through lysosome-mediated cell death, neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2 signalling, neutrophil-mediated inflammation and adipocyte repopulation.
    1. Genetics and Genomics
    2. Microbiology and Infectious Disease

    Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity

    Gurmeet Kaur et al.
    Multicellular and socially aggregating prokaryotes contain previously undescribed, chaperone-based systems predicted to mediate defensive biological conflicts, several components of which are thematically similar antecedents of eukaryotic apoptosis pathways.
    1. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

    Transient inflammatory response mediated by interleukin-1β is required for proper regeneration in zebrafish fin fold

    Tomoya Hasegawa et al.
    The Interleukin 1 beta signaling and tissue inflammation act as a double-edged sword: they are required for regeneration, but when in excess, they impair tissue regeneration and induce apoptosis.
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