Direct measurements of retinoic acid using fluorescence lifetime imaging reveal a new role for cellular retinoic acid binding proteins in noise attenuation that is critical to sharpen hindbrain rhombomere boundaries.

Activity in the midbrain responds to unexpected changes in outcome identity (i.e. sensory prediction error) but does not scale with perceptual distance between expected and receipt reward.

Midbrain dopamine neurons use sophisticated secretory machinery to establish specialized sites for action potential-evoked release of dopamine from their cell bodies and dendrites.

Space-specific neurons in the owl's auditory midbrain are selective for the frequencies that yield the most reliable sound localization cues.

The molecular mechanisms by which midbrain dopamine neurons acquire the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA for synaptic release are revealed.

Midbrain dopamine neurons function according to their axonal projections in the intact brain.

Midbrain dopamine neurons in rats signal discrepancies between predicted and actual rewards, regardless of whether the rewards are predicted on the basis of experience or inference.

Deactivation of one side of the auditory midbrain while recording in the other shows that the two sides cooperate in processing frequency and in enhancing the encoding of sound level.

Neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus of free-flying echolocating bats represent 3D sensory space, and the depth tuning of single neurons is modulated by an animal's active sonar inspection of physical objects in its environment.

New interneurons are added in the hindbrain to support more complex movements as young zebrafish get older.