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The neuromodulator acetylcholine contributes to state-dependent modulation of motor vigor and variability by direct action on songbird premotor cortex, bypassing basal ganglia circuitry.

Primary endothelial cell cultures contain markedly heterogeneous cell subtypes that exhibit distinct molecular responses to disease-relevant exposures.

A novel mechanism describes how tonic activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can modulate the timing of striatal output by priming feedforward inhibition.

A circuit within the nucleus accumbens that exists during a specific developmental window through early adolescence male rats may serve as a substrate that underlies heightened reward seeking in this population.

Functional imaging of individual sensory afferents that innervate the cranial meninges in a mouse migraine model reveals heightened responsiveness to movement-related meningeal deformations that may underlie headache.

ARID1A, a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, and its homolog ARID1B function to maintain chromatin accessibility and active histone modifications at enhancers.

Acetylcholine, released from cholinergic fibers originating from the medial septum, shapes social memory, and controls the CA2 hippocampal circuit via nicotinic receptors localized on GABAergic interneurons.

To avoid recognition by the immune system, bacteria use autolysins to trim fragments of peptidoglycans that are exposed on the bacterial cell wall.

Development of nanobodies against a model pentameric ligand-gated ion channel demonstrates they can be functionally active as negative or positive allosteric modulators and offers opportunities for future drug development.