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A compact neural network can form various associative memories that are encoded in a distributed manner, where each neuron stores different components of the memory.

Administration of dopamine and opioid receptor antagonists resulted in reduced reward anticipation (effort and increased negative facial reactions), but only administration of opioid antagonists resulted in reduced liking (facial reactions).

A cluster of neurons that integrates inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs from the mushroom body output neurons of the appetitive and aversive memory compartments, respectively, triggers upwind steering, mediating memory-driven olfactory navigation behaviors.

Rostromedial tegmental neurons encode motivational valence and opponent responses across a wide range of affective stimulus modalities, while also driving dopamine inhibition and conditioned place aversion to aversive stimuli.

The finding that fly maggots, equipped with only 10,000 neurons, process reinforcement not only by value but also by specific quality reveals a basic operating principle of brains and challenges current models of memory organization.

The interplay of nitric oxide and dopamine specialize one memory unit in a fly brain in predicting the value of odors based only on recent experience.

The detection of a salient stimulus triggers a stereotypical oculomotor response, an impulse to look toward it, whose timing and strength are largely independent of behavioral significance and top-down control.

L-DOPA administration increases information-seeking about potential losses without impacting information-seeking about potential gains, and as a result, it reduces the effect of valence on information-seeking.

A delicate balance of neural activity is required during critical period in establishing innate odor preference.

The primate caudal area 47/12 is anatomically and functionally connected with the main nodes of the salience network, supporting the role of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in all major attention networks.